The Itumbiara Hydroelectric Dam is an embankment dam on the Paranaíba River near Itumbiara in Goiás, Brazil. The dam serves an associated hydroelectric power plant with a 2,082 MW installed capacity. The power plant is the sixth largest in Brazil and the has the largest installed capacity of Eletrobrás Furnas' power plants.

Construction of Itumbiara hydroelectric Dam

Construction on the dam and hydroelectric power plant began in November 1974 and the river was diverted by September 1, 1976. On October 1, 1979, the reservoir behind the dam began to fill and on September 30, 1979, the left embankment was complete while the right was on November 30 of that same year. The whole dam was completed in April 1980. On April 27, 1980, the first generator went online and the last on December 30, 1981 just two weeks after the power house was complete. Despite poor weather along with engineering and technical difficulties, the project was completed on time. 97% of the firms working on the project were Brazilian and 90% of the supplies provided for construction were from Brazil. In 1997, the controls for the plant were switched to remote operation in a central plant in Corumba, leaving the control room unmanned. The dam and power plant was originally estimated to cost $439 million but ended over $716 million when construction was complete. Including the electrical transmission system, the whole project cost just over $1 billion. $125 million for construction was financed by the World Bank.

Specifications of Itumbiara hydroelectric Dam

The Itumbiara Hydroelectric Dam is a 7,000 m (23,000 ft) long and 106 m (348 ft) high earth-fill embankment dam with a concrete spillway and power house section. The earthen portion of the dam contains 31,500,000 m³ (1.11×10⁹ cu ft) of earth fill while the concrete portion contains 1,800,000 m³ (64,000,000 cu ft) for a total structural volume of 33,300,000 m³ (1.18×10⁹ cu ft). The dam's spillway contains six floodgates that are 15 m (49 ft) wide and 9 m (30 ft) high each. In total, the spillway has a 16,000 m³/s (570,000 cu ft/s) discharge capacity. The dam's power house is 25 m (82 ft) wide and 223 m (732 ft) long and contains six 347 MW generators that are powered by Francis turbines.

Itumbiara Dam
Official name	Usina de Itumbiara
Locale	Itumbiara, Goiás, Brazil
Coordinates	18°24′28″S 49°5′54″W / 18.40778°S 49.09833°W / -18.40778; -49.09833 / -18.40778; -49.09833
Construction began	1974
Opening date	1980
Construction cost	$716 million USD
Dam and spillways
Type of dam	Embankment
Height	106 m (348 ft)
Length	7,000 m (23,000 ft)
Volume	33,300,000 m3 (1.18×109 cu ft)
Impounds	Paranaíba River
Type of spillway	Service, gate-controlled
Spillway capacity	16,000 m3/s (570,000 cu ft/s)
Reservoir
Creates	Itumbiara Reservoir
Capacity	17,000,000,000 m3 (6.0×1011 cu ft)
Surface area	778 km2 (300 sq mi)
Power station
Commission date	1980-1981
Turbines	6 Francis-type
Installed capacity	2,082 MW

The Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Power Plant also known as Paulo Afonso Complex , is a system of three dams and five hydroelectric power plants on the São Francisco River near the city of Paulo Afonso in Bahia, Brazil. The complex exploits an 80 m (260 ft) natural gap on the river, known as the Paulo Afonso Falls. Constructed in succession between 1948 and 1979, the dams support the Paulo Afonso I, II, III, IV and Apollonius Sales (Moxotó) power plants which contain a total of 23 generators with an installed capacity of 4,279.6 MW.

Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Power Plant I was the first large power plant constructed in Brazil and the complex constitutes the densest area of dams in Brazil. The complex provides electricity to areas in northeastern Brazil and is the main tourist attraction in the region.

Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Power Plant I, II, III

Situated directly on top of the Paulo Afonso Falls, the Delmiro Gouveia Dam supports Paulo Afonso I, II and III. The dam is 20 m (66 ft) high, 4,707 m (15,443 ft) long and is a concrete gravity type. The reservoir formed by the dam has a 26,000,000 m³ (920,000,000 cu ft) capacity and surface area of 4.8 km² (1.9 sq mi). The dam has one uncontrolled spillway and a controlled spillway on its outer linings while also supporting four controlled spillways on the front of the falls. These four surface spillways when open, discharge water below and essentially recreate the falls.

All three power plants are about 82 m (269 ft) underground and adjacent to one another. PA I lies in the center and is housed in a 60 m (200 ft) long, 31 m (102 ft) high and 15 m (49 ft) wide cavern. It contains three 60 MW generators with Francis turbines, for an installed capacity of 180 MW. The generators are Vertical Sync-type and were manufactured by Westinghouse. The turbines were manufactured by Dominion Engineering Works. Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Power Plant II is a 104 m (341 ft) long, 36 m (118 ft) high and 18 m (59 ft) wide power house. It contains six Vertical Sync-type generators with Francis turbines. Two of the generators are 70 MW, one is 75 MW and the remaining three are 76 MW, for a total installing capacity of 443 MW. The generators were manufactured by S. Morgan Smith and Hitachi while the turbines by Voith. Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Power Plant III's power house is 127 m (417 ft) long, 46 m (151 ft) high and 18 m (59 ft) wide. It contains four 198.55 MW Vertical Sync-type generators manufactured by Siemens for an installed capacity of 794.2 MW. Each generator utilizes a Francis turbine manufactured by Voith.

Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Power Plant IV

The Paulo Afonso Dam located 2 km (1.2 mi) southwest of the falls is 35 m (115 ft) high and 7,430 m (24,380 ft) long. The dam is an earth and rock-fill type but contains 1,053 m (3,455 ft) in length of concrete structures which include the power plant's intake and the spillway. The spillway is composed of eight floodgates and has a maximum discharge capacity of 10,000 m³/s (350,000 cu ft/s). The dam withholds a 127,500,000 m³ (4.50×10⁹ cu ft) capacity reservoir with a surface area of 12.9 km (8.0 mi). The reservoir receives water through a channel that originates near the southern end of the Appolonius Sales Reservoir and continues south, skirting the city. The Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Power Plant IV power house is also underground and is 210 m (690 ft) long, 52 m (171 ft) high and 24 m (79 ft) wide. It contains six 410.4 MW generators for an installed capacity of 2,462.4 MW. Each generator is a SíncronoVertical-type manufactured by Siemens and utilizes vertical shaft Francis turbines that were manufactured by Voith.

Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex
Country	Brazil
Locale	Paulo Afonso
Coordinates	9°23′49″S 38°12′08″W / 9.39694°S 38.20222°W / -9.39694; -38.20222Coordinates / -9.39694; -38.20222
Status	Operational
Commission date	1954–1979
Owner(s)	CHESF
Power station information
Generation units	23
Power generation information
Installed capacity	4,279.6 MW

The Xingó Dam is a concrete face rock-fill dam on the São Francisco River on the border of Alagoas and Sergipe, near Piranhas, Brazil. The dam was built for navigation, water supply and hydroelectric power generation as it supports a 3,162 MW power station. Xingó Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant was constructed between 1987 and 1994 and the last of its generators was commissioned in 1997.

The Xingó Dam's power station is directly southwest of the dam and is 240.75 m (789.9 ft) long, 59 m (194 ft) high and 27 m (89 ft) wide. It was designed by Promon and contains 6 x 527 MW Francis turbines that were manufactured by Siemens. The Xingó Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant also is designed to accommodate another four identical generators that if installed would bring its installed capacity to 5,270 MW.

Studies for the Xingó Dam were done in the 1950s and contracts for construction were not awarded until 1982. Construction on the dam began in March 1987 but stopped in September 1988 because a debt crisis stalled funding. Construction commenced again in 1990 and by 1994, the dam was complete. On June 10, 1994, the dam began to impound the river as its reservoir began to fill. On November 15 of that year, the reservoir reached its maximum level of 130m. The power station's first generator was commissioned in December 1994, the next two in 1995, two more in 1996 and the final generator in August 1997.

The Xingó is a 830 m (2,720 ft) long and 140 m (460 ft) high concrete face rock-fill dam. It contains five zones of 12,900,000 m³ (16,900,000 cu yd) of fill, mostly granite. Four saddles dams (dikes) are also used to support the reservoir. Directly northeast of the dam is its spillway with 12 floodgates and a maximum capacity of 33,000 m³/s (1,200,000 cu ft/s). The dam supports a reservoir with a 3.8 km³ (0.91 cu mi) capacity, surface area of 60 km² (23 sq mi) and catchment area of 630,000 km² (240,000 sq mi).

Xingó Dam
Coordinates	9°37′14″S 37°47′34″W / 9.62056°S 37.79278°W / -9.62056; -37.79278Coordinates: 9°37′14″S 37°47′34″W / 9.62056°S 37.79278°W / -9.62056; -37.79278
Official name	Hidroelétrica de Xingó
Impounds	São Francisco River
Locale	Near Piranhas on border of Alagoas and Sergipe, Brazil
Type	Concrete face, rock-fill
Length	830 m (2,720 ft)
Height	140 m (460 ft)
Volume	12,900,000 m3 (16,900,000 cu yd)
Type of spillway	Service, gate-controlled
Discharge capacity of spillway	33,000 m3/s (1,200,000 cu ft/s)
Construction began	1987
Opening date	1994
Dam owner(s)	CHESF
Reservoir information
Creates	Xingó Reservoir
Capacity	3.8 km3 (0.91 cu mi)
Catchment area	630,000 km2 (240,000 sq mi)
Surface area	60 km2 (23 sq mi)
Power generation information
Turbines	6 x 527 MW Francis turbines
Installed capacity	3,162 MW
Conventional	Yes
Power plant commissioning date	1994-1997

The Ilha Solteira Dam is hydro-electric power plant in Brazil. The Ilha Solteira Dam is an embankment dam on the Parana River near Ilha Solteira in São Paulo, Brazil. It was constructed between 1967 and 1973 for hydroelectric power production, flood control and navigation.

The dam supports hydroelectric power plant with an installed capacity of 3,444 MW. The power plant contains 20 generators with Francis turbines that broken down into three ratings: 11 X 170 MW, 5 X 174 MW and 4 X 176 MW. In 2005, the power plant produced 17.9 billion kWh of electricity.

Ilha Solteira Dam
Coordinates	20°22′58″S 51°21′44″W / 20.38278°S 51.36222°W / -20.38278; -51.36222Coordinates: 20°22′58″S 51°21′44″W / 20.38278°S 51.36222°W / -20.38278; -51.36222
Impounds	Parana River
Locale	Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
Type	Embankment, concrete portion
Length	5.6 km (3.5 mi)
Height	76 m (249 ft)
Type of spillway	Service, gate-controlled
Discharge capacity of spillway	40,000 m3/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s)
Construction began	1967
Opening date	1973
Dam owner(s)	CESP
Reservoir information
Creates	Ilha Solteira Reservoir
Capacity	21.2 km3 (5.1 cu mi)
Surface area	1,195 km2 (461 sq mi)
Power generation information
Turbines	20 x Francis turbines
Installed capacity	3,444 MW
Annual generation	17.9 billion kWh (2005)
Conventional	Yes
Power plant commissioning date	1973-1978